Confusion entre principes et objectifs. 26

Principes pédagogiques et changements en cours. 28

Comment harmoniser les principes pédagogiques avec les apprenants. 29

Principes pédagogiques et enseignants. 30

L’ambition scientifique de la didactique des langues. 31

Définition de l’apprentissage. 35

Apprentissage, acquis et inné. 36

Apprentissage, pédagogie et neuroscience. 37

Les théories de l’apprentissage. 38

Distinguer les théories de l’apprentissage. 38

Tableau des théories d’apprentissage. 38

Méthodes d’apprentissage. 40

Apprentissage par imitation. 40

Apprentissage par induction. 41

Apprentissage par association. 41

Apprentissage par essais et erreurs. 41

Apprentissage par explication. 43

Apprentissage par répétition. 43

Apprentissage combiné. 43

Apprentissage par immersion. 43

Enquête sur les acquis fondamentaux. 44

Recherches, applications et usages. 44

Autres dimensions de l’apprentissage. 45

Besoin d’enseignement des langues. 46

Histoire de l’enseignement des langues étrangères. 46

Antiquité à la période médiévale. 46

18ème siècle. 47

19ème au 20ème siècle. 47

Chapitre II : 51

Education Artistique ; 51

Créativité  et Sécurité linguistique. 51

Éducation scientifique. 52

Éducation artistique. 52

Éducation musicale. 52

Approches artistiques de l’art de parler français. 56

L’art d’enseigner le français. 57

 

Un art d’agrément 57

Un art musical explicite. 58

Un art musical implicite. 59

Derrière “prononciation”… 60

Pratiques de pédagogie musicale. 61

Musique et langage. 61

Interaction hémisphérique. 62

Existe-t-il un « cerveau musicien » ?. 63

Prendre conscience des réalités sonores de la langue. 64

Éducation de l’oreille aux réalités phonologiques  et accentuelles. 65

Recherche de la perfection : la vive voix du maître. 66

Le rôle de la musique. 67

La Créativité Musicale dans les Nouveaux Curriculums Francophones. 71

Créativité et prise de risque linguistique. 72

Aires spécialisées ou jeu de l’esprit ?. 74

Sécurité de l’espace mental pour l’apprentissage. 75

L’enseignement devrait se produire dans un climat favorisant la démarche intellectuelle : 76

Chapitre III : 77

l’ouïe , l’acoustique musical mathématiques de l’oreille , les systèmes musicaux d’éducation  77

de l’oreille. 77

Perception auditive et développement précoce du cerveau. 77

le cerveau, un organe complexe mais flexible. 79

Cerveau, siège de l’intelligence. 79

La théorie de la phrénologie et le rôle des hémisphères. 80

Deux hémisphères en marche pour une musique ?. 83

Sens. 85

L’ouïe. 85

Anatomie de l’oreille. 86

La perception de la langue. 89

Sensibiliser à la phonétique. 90

musique. 91

Histoire de la musique. 92

Approches définitoires. 93

Intrinsèque et extrinsèque. 93

Anthropocentrisme. 93

Art du temps. 94

Composantes. 95

Dimensions sonores et son. 95

Acoustique musicale : qu’est-ce qu’une note ?. 97

یک مطلب دیگر :

Le son. 97

Qu’est-ce qu’une note ? Ses quatre caractéristiques. 98

Les séries de Fourier théorisent le timbre. 100

Mathématiques de l’oreille. 101

Perception différentielle ou logarithmique. 102

Etrange…… 102

Les systèmes musicaux, ou : arithmétique et musique. 103

Le cadre universel de l’échelle : l’octave. 104

Un intervalle fondamental : la quinte et son homologue, la quarte. 105

Tierce et sixte. 107

L’échelle de Zarlino ou échelle harmonique. 107

Vers le tempérament égal 111

En conclusion : « l’Harmonie des sphères » et les nombres entiers. 115

Chapitre IV.. 117

L’étude statistique des éléments effectifs sur l’enseignement de la langue (française). 117

Conclusion. 155

 

 

 

 

Liste des tableaux

 

Table 1 – Évaluation de l’effet de la musique sur l’augmentation de l’énergie  pour apprendre le français selon l’âge des sujets à l’aide de chi-carré …………….…..……154

Table 2 – Évaluation de l’effet de la musique sur l’augmentation de l’énergie  pour apprendre le français selon le sexe des sujets à l’aide du chi-carré ……………….……155

Table 3 – Évaluation de l’effet de la musique sur l’augmentation de l’énergie  pour apprendre le français selon le sexe des sujets à l’aide de chi-carré ……………………156

Table 4 – Évaluation de la relation de la musique pour se concentrer et  l’augmentation du niveau de l’éducation à l’aide du chi-carré ………………………………………….…160

Table 5 – Évaluation de la relation de la musique pour le renforcement de la mémoire  et  l’âge des sujets à l’aide du chi-carré ….…………………………………….………….164

Table 6 – Évaluation de la relation de la musique pour le renforcement de la mémoire  et le sexe des sujets à l’aide du chi-carré …………………………………….……………165

Table 7 – Évaluation de la relation de la musique pour le renforcement de la mémoire  et  l’éducation des sujets à l’aide du chi-carré …………………………………………….166

Table 8 – Évaluation de la relation entre la musique pour le renforcement de la mémoire  le genre de la musique à l’aide du chi-carré ……………………………………………167

Table 9 – Évaluation de la relation entre la musique pour la sécurité de l’enseignement et l’âge des sujets  à l’aide du chi-carré …………………………………………………..168

 

 

Liste des Diagrammes

 

Diagramme 1 –  le sens utilisé dans l’apprentissage selon l’âge et le sexe des personnes……………………………………………………………………………..…135

Diagramme 2 – sens utilisé pour enseignement chez les femmes………………………136

Diagramme 3 – sens utilisé pour enseignement chez les hommes…………………….137

Diagramme 4 –  Expérience d’entendre la musique en apprenant selon l’âge et le sexe des personnes………………………………………………………………………………..138

Diagramme 5 – l’expérience d’entendre la musique en apprenant la langue française chez les femmes   ……………………………………………………………………………139

Diagramme 6 – l’expérience d’entendre la musique en apprenant la langue française chez les hommes…………..………………………………………………………………….139

Diagramme  7 :  Le temps préféré pour entendre la musique selon  l’âge et le genre des personnes………………………………………………………………………………..140

Diagramme 8 – temps préféré d’écouter la musique chez les femmes …………………141

Diagramme 9 – temps préféré d’écouter la musique chez les hommes……………….142

Diagramme  10 –  préférence  d’utiliser la musique en fond en apprenant selon l’âge et le genre des personnes……………………………………………………………………..143

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

یک مطلب دیگر :

علوم سیاسی

 

Table of Contents
Title Page………………………………………………………………………	i
Dedication ……………………………………………………………………..	ii
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………	iii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………	iv
Table of Content………………………………………………………………..	v
List of Tables …………………………………………………………………..	x
Chapter I: Background and Purpose………………………………………..
1.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………….	1
1.2. Statement of the Problem………………………………………………….	3
1.3. Research Questions ……………………………………………………….	3
1.4. Operational definition of the key terms ……………………………………	4
1.4.1. Instructional Objectives………………………………………………..	4
1.4.2. Curriculum……………………………………………………………..	5
1.4.3. Curriculum Evaluation…………………………………………………	5
1.5. Significance of the Study ………………………………………………….	5
1.6. Limitations and Delimitations……………………………………………..	6
Chapter II: Review of the Related Literature………………………………
2.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………….	8
2.2. Translation studies in Iran…………………………………………………	9
2.3. Evaluation and its objectives………………………………………………	10
2.4. Different concepts of Curriculum …………………………………………	11
2.5. Curriculum Evaluation ……………………………………………………	14
2.5.1. The Needs for Curriculum Evaluation……………………………….	18
2.5.2. Summative Evaluation and Formative Evaluation……………………	18
2.6. Different Evaluation Approaches………………………………………….	21
2.6.1. Objectives-Oriented Evaluation Approaches…………………………	21
2.6.2. Management- Oriented Evaluation Approaches……………………..	22
2.6.3. Consumer-oriented Evaluation Approaches…………………..……..	22
2.6.4. Expertise-Oriented Evaluation Approach…………………………….	22
2.6.5. Adversary-Oriented Evaluation Approaches …………………………	22
2.6.6. Participant-Oriented Evaluation Approaches…………………………	23
2.7. Evaluation Models…………………………………………………………	23
2.7.1. Franklin Bobbitt…………………………………………………………	23
2.7.2. Tyler’s Model…………………………………………………………..	24
2.7.2.1. The selection of Educational Objectives…………………………..	26
2.7.2.2. Subject matter as a Source of Objectives………………………….	27
2.7.2.3. Needs of the learners as a Source of Objectives……………………	30
2.7.2.4. Studied of contemporary life as a source of Objective…………….	34
2.7.2.4.1. The Philosophical Screen ……………………………………….	35
2.7.2.5. Selecting and Organizing of Learning Experiences ………………	38
2.7.2.6. Evaluation …………………………………………………………	39
2.7.3 Stufflebeam’s Context, Input, Process, Product Model…………………	41
2.7.3.1. Context Evaluation…………………………………………………	42
2.7.3.2. Input Evaluation …………………………………………………..	42
2.7.3.3. Process Evaluation …………………………………………………	43
2.7.3.4. Product Evaluation ………………………………………………..	44
2.7.4. Stake’s model……………………………………………………………	45
2.7.5. Eisner’s Model………………………………………………………….	47
2.7.6. Oliva’s Model……………………………………………………………	48
Chapter III: Methodology ……………………………………………………
3.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………..	50
3.2. Participants ………………………………………………………………..	50
3.3. Instruments…………………………………………………………………	52
3.3.1. Questionnaire……………………………………………………………	53
3.3.2. Interviews………………………………………………………………..	54
3.4. Data Collection Procedure ………………………………………………..	55
3.5. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………	56
3.6. Data Analysis………………………………………………………………	59
Chapter IV: Results and Discussion…………………………………………
4.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………..	60
4.2. Instructional Objectives……………………………………………………	62
4.3. Courses for meeting the defined instructional objectives………………….	65
4.4. Arrangement of the courses for attaining the instructional objective………	71
4.5. Evaluation Types…………………………………………………………..	74
Chapter V: Conclusion and Implications……………………………………
5.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………..	78
5.2. Summary of Findings………………………………………………………	78
5.2.1. Instructional Objectives……………………………………………….	78
5.2.2. Courses for meeting the defined instructional objectives……………..	79
5.2.3. Arrangement of the courses for attaining the instructional objectives..	80
5.2.4. Evaluation types………………………………………………………	80
5.3. Pedagogical implications………………………………………………….	81
5.4. Suggestions for further research……………………………………………	84
References……………………………………………………………………….	86
Appendixes …………………………………………………………………….
Appendix A: Questionnaire 1 ……………………………………………….	92
Appendix B: Questionnaire 2……………………………………………….	93
Appendix C: Questionnaire 3……………………………………………….	95
Appendix D: Questionnaire ………………………………………………….	96

 

 

 

 

List of Tables

Table 4.1.Students’ conceptions of the instructional objectives of the current M.A. English Translation Program ……………………………………………………..…………..63

Table 4.2.Instructors’ conceptions of the instructional objectives of the current M.A. English Translation Program…………………………………………………………………64

Table 4.3.Students’ conception of compulsory courses included in the current M.A. English translation program ………………………………………………………….…….67

Table 4.4.Students’ conception of optional courses included in the current M.A. English translation program ………………………………………………………………..68

Table 4.5.instructors’ conception of compulsory courses included in the current M.A English translation program………………………………………………………….….…69

Table 4.6.instructors’ conception of optional courses included in the current M.A. English translation program ……………………………………………………………….70

Table 4.7.students’ conception of the arrangement of the courses of the current M.A. English Translation curriculum ………………………………………………………..…72

 

1.5. Research Questions …….…………………….………………………………….… 10

1.6. Hypotheses of the Study ……………….………………………………….…….…. 10

1.7. Definitions of Key terms ………………….………………………………….…….. 10

 

Chapter Two: Review of Literature ….…………………………………….………… 12

2.0. Introduction …………………………………………….…………..………….…… 12

2.1. Review of Theoretical Literature ……………………………………….………..… 13

2.1.1. The Definition of Reading ………………………………………….………… 13

2.1.2. Successful Readers ………………………………………………..….……….. 15

2.1.3. Purpose of Reading …………………..………………………….……………. 17

2.1.4. Reading Comprehension ……………………………………….…………..…. 21

2.1.5. Reading Strategies ………………………………….…………….…………… 26

2.1.6. Pre-reading Activities ………………………………………………….……… 33

2.1.7. Schema Theory …………………………………….………………..………… 44

2.1.7.1. Formal Schema ………….………….………..………………..………….. 50

2.1.7.2. Content Schema …………………….….……………………….…….….. 51

2.1.7.3. Cultural Schema …………………….…….…..……………….…….….. 54

2.2. Review of Practical Literature ……………..……………………………….……… 61

2.3 Summary ………………………………….………………………………..………. 71

 

 

Chapter Three: Methodology ……………………………………………….………… 72

3.0. Introduction ………………………………………..………………….…………… 72

3.1. The Design of the Study ……………….……..…..……….……………………..… 72

3.2. Selection of the Sample ………………………………………………………..….. 73

3.3. The Instrumentation of the Study ……………………………………………..……. 74

3.4. Procedure …………………………………..……………………………….……… 75

3.5. Methods of Analyzing Data …………………………………………………..…… 76

 

Chapter Four: Data Analysis …………..………………………….…………………. 77

4.0. Introduction …………………………………………………………..…………… 77

4.1. Data Analysis and Findings ……………………………………….…………..…… 77

4.2. Results of the Hypotheses Testing ……………………………………………..….. 83

4.2.1. Hypothesis One ……………………………..………………………………… 83

4.2.2. Hypothesis Two ……………………………………………………..………… 84

4.3. Summary ………………………………………..……………………….………… 84

 

Chapter Five: Discussion and Implication ……………………………….………….. 85

5.0. Introduction ……………………………………………………………….………… 85

5.1. General Discussion …………………………….…………………….………..…… 85

5.2. Implications of the Study …………………….…………………….………….…… 86

5.3. Limitations of the Study ……………..….……………………………….………… 88

5.4. Suggestions for Further Study ……………….………………………….…..……… 88

 

Appendices ………….………………..…………………………………………….…. 90

Appendix A: Proficiency Test (Oxford Placement Test) ………………………………. 90

Appendix B: Reading Comprehension Pre-test ………………………………….…..… 95

Appendix C: Reading Comprehension Post-test ………………………………………… 99

 

References …………………………….……………………………………………… 104

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

List of Figures

Subject                                                                                                     page

 

یک مطلب دیگر :

Figure 1: Reading processes that are activated while reading ………………..……..….. 22

Figure 2:  Three Reading Comprehension Processes ……………………………..…..…. 25

Figure 3: Ajideh’s Model of Reading Approaches …………………………………….. 26

Figure 4: Classification of Strategies …………………………………………….…..…. 27

Figure 5: K-W-L Chart …………………………………………………………………. 43

Figure 6: Schema Types ………………………………………………………….…….. 54

Figure 7: The Design of the Study …….…………………………………..…………… 73

Figure 8: Selection of the Sample …………………………………………………..…. 74

Figure 9: The Linear Relationship between Pre-test and Post-test …………………..… 80

 

 

 

 

                                      List of Tables

Subject                                                                                                             Page

Table 0: Learning Strategies …………………………………………………..……….. 30

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics for the Proficiency Test ………………………………… 78

Table 2: Number of Students Participated in Pre-test and Post-test Case ……………… 78

Table 3: Descriptive Statistics for the Pre-test and Post-test …..………………….…… 79

Table 4: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error ………………………………………….…. 81

Table 5: Test of between – subjects’ effects ……………………..…………………..… 81

Table 6: Mean of reading Comprehension Ability …………….….……………………. 82

Table 7: Sum of Analysis of Covariance Source- Type III Sum of Squares ……….…… 82

Table 8: Independent t-test for male and female performance in reading ……………… 83

 

 

 

 

 

                                       List of Abbreviations

 

ANalysis of COVAriance ……………………………………………………… ANCOVA

Degree of Freedom ………………………………………………………………..….. DF

English as a Foreign Language …………………………………………………..….. EFL

English as a Second Language …………………………………………………..….. ESL

English Language Learners ….…………………………………………………..….. ELL

F-test distribution ………….……………………………………………………..……… F

Know-Want to know-Learned ……………………………………………….……. K-W-L

Language Experience Approach ……………………………………………………… LEA

Mean ………………………………………………………………………………..…. M

Number (of Participants) ………………………………………………………….…… N

Oxford Placement Test …………………………………………………………..….. OPT

Significance ………………………………………………………………….….….… Sig

Standard Deviation ……………………………………………………………………. SD

Standard Error …………………………………………………………………..….…. SE

Teaching English as a Foreign Language ……………………………………..……. TEFL

Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages …………………………..….. TESOL

Test Of English as a Foreign Language …………………………………………… TOEFL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter One: Introduction

 

1.0. Introduction

1-5.Definition of the Key terms………………………………………..9

1-6.Limitations and Delimitations…………………………………………..10

 

Chapter Two (II) Review of the Literature                                  12- 54

2-1.Overview………………………………………………………..13

2-2.What is discourse? ………………….…………….……………..16

2-3.What is Critical Discourse Analysis? …………………..………20

2-4. How ‘CDA Group’ was formed? …………….………….……..22

2-5.General principles of CDA…………………………..…………..23

2-6. Directions in CDA……………………………………………..25

2-6-1.Fairclough: Three-Dimensional Model of Discourse………26

2-6-1-1.The level of text analysis……………………….………29

2-6-1-2.The level of discourse/social practice……..……………30

2-7.Principles of critical discourse analysis…………………………..31

2-8. Power and Discourse………………………….…………………33

2-9.Intertextuality…………..…………………………………………34

2-9-1. Intertextuality from critical discourse analysis perspective..36

2-10.Discourse, Cognition, and Society……………….…………….37

2-11.Defining ideology…………………………….…………………39

2-11-1.Position of Ideology in Translation……………..…………42

 

2-11-1-1. Ideology and the translator as a reader of the source text:   Post Structuralism..………………………………………43

2-11-1-2.Ideology and the translator as a writer of the target text:

Functionalism………..………………………………………….46

2-12.Fairclough’s model for analyzing discourse critically… …….…48

 

Chapter Three (III) Methodology                                                  55-67

3-1. Overview.……………………………………………………….56

3-2.Design………………..…………………………………………..56

3-3. Materials………….………………….………………………….57

3-4.Brief Account about the Author and the book…………..……….57

3-5. Procedure………………..………………………………………60

3-6.Theoretical Framework……………..……………………………60

Chapter Four (IV) Results and Discussion                                            68-93

4-1.Results…………………………………………………….……..69

4-1-1. Micro-level analysis…….…………………………………..69

4-1-2.Macro-level analysis         ………………………………………..87

4-2.Discussion………………..………………………………………88

4-2-1. CDA at Macro-level        ………………………………………..89

 

Chapter Five (IV) Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research

94-100

5-1.Concluding summary………………………………………………95

5-2. Conclusion…………………….…………………………………..96

5-3.Suggestions for further research………………………….………..99

 

References……………………………………………………..………101

Appendix……………….………………………………..…………….109

Persian Abstract……………………………………………………….129

 

 

 

Abstract

The presence of ideological effects in different kinds of discourse has been investigated in some studies. One of the applications of critical discourse analysis (CDA) is to reveal the ideological effects included in translations. Following a modified model of Fairclough (1995) CDA, this study tried to analyze and discuss the ideological and cultural constraints faced by translators. For the purpose of analysis, two translated versions of “Iran Between Two Revolutions” by Ervand Abrahamian were analyzed at micro and macro level. This comparison was done between the two translations as well as the translations and the source text to detect any possible modifications during the process of rendering what the author has intended to say. The

یک مطلب دیگر :

صدور گواهی الکترونیکی:/پایان نامه درباره امضای الکترونیکی

 study revealed that tralations in the presence of underlying ideologies are affected by the lexical items chosen ideologically and grammatical shifts in translations and interventions which are the result of ideological issues, and the different strategies adopted in the process of translation which are often not arbitrary but rather ideologically motivated.

 

 

 

 

Chapter One

Introduction

 

 

1-1. Introduction to the study

Critical Discourse Analysis (hereafter CDA) is a method for analyzing discourse. The aim in critical (vs. non-critical) discourse analysis is to investigate how social power is abused, how dominance is asserted and inequality maintained by text and talk in social and political contexts. critical discourse analysts in their dissident research try to take explicit positions and understand, expose, and ultimately resist social inequality. CDA is not restricted to language or politics; it has been widely used in other disciplines such as sociolinguistics, psychology, and social sciences.Critical discourse analysis is not a school, approach or specialization as argued by some. It is rather a different method to analyzing, theorizing and using. In this regard , there are also more or less some similar critical approaches in fields such as pragmatics, conversation analysis, narrative analysis, rhetoric, stylistics, sociolinguistics, ethnography, or media analysis, among others. We might all think of discourse as a 21^st century phenomenon. But, as a matter of fact, discourse is not developed in our age. We can trace its roots back to the Greek sophist Gorgias (485 B.C), who taught and practiced rhetoric. Moreover, discourse was the concern of classical rhetorics (Graesser, Gernsbacher, & Goldman, 2003). Apart from some exceptions like Gorgias, the study of texts before the 1970s mainly centered around linguistic features of sentences but the observation of factors shaping the text above sentence level was taken into account by linguistics during the 1970s and 1980s (Fairclough, 1992). Graesser (Graesser et al., 2003) believes when researchers became dissatisfied with sentence as the unit of analysis, they became concerned with discourse; and that was the rise of discourse analysis. The roots of CDA lie in classical Rhetoric, Text linguistics and sociolinguistics, as well as Applied Linguistics and Pragmatics. (Wodak, 2006)

What we know today as critical discourse analysis has its roots in critical linguistics of the 1970s (Wodak & Chilton, 2005) (see also Fowler, 1996). It was at this time that “systematic ways of analyzing the political and social import of text were proposed and developed.” (Hodge & Kress, 1979/1993; Fowler, Hodge, & Kress 1979; Fowler, 1996 all cited in Wodak & Chilton, 2005, p. xi). The coming years saw a connection between linguistics and social sciences as a big step forward in CDA. With discourse analysis area of enquiry, translation stepped into a new era in which it was considered as an interdisciplinary area of enquiry, a passage for other disciplines; that is, scholars were not limited to pure linguistic yardsticks any more. They had to take into account the relation between language and other social, political and cultural aspects.

Therefore, discourse is studied in other fields such as sociology, communication, philosophy, politics and many others disciplines and each discipline presents different definitions for the term. During the first 20 years, research was mainly conducted in English, but now the investigations are developing very fast in different fields and practiced with various languages (Wodak & Chilton, 2005).

To fulfil its aims, the research in critical discourse analysis has to meet some requirements. These are enumerated below: For CDA research to be accepted, it has to be of higher quality than other research as in the case for most of the marginal research in the field.

• The focus needs to be social issues and political problems in the first place.
• CDA research has to critically and empirically analyze the social problems.
• CDA tries to explain discourse structures in terms of social characteristics and interactions. This is mostly incarnated in social structure among other factors.
• More specifically, “CDA focuses on the ways discourse structures enact, confirm, legitimate, reproduce, or challenge relations of power and dominance in society” (Van dijk, 2003, p. 2). In this research the researcher intends to illustrate how some factors such as ideology, power and etc. beyond the text and linguistic factors involve during the translation process.

 

 

 

یک مطلب دیگر :