2.4. Ideology and Power ……………..………………………………….15

2.5. Translation and Power………………………………………………18

2.6. Impact of Translation on Representation……………………………21

2.7. Robert Hodge and Gunther Kress on CDA….…………………..…23

2.8. Norman Fairclough on CDA………………………………………..28

2.9 Tenn Adrianus Van Dijk on CDA…………………………………..32

2.10. Farzaneh Farahzad on CDA………………………………………36

2.10.1 Microlevel ……………………………………………………37

2.10.1.1 Vocabulary………………………………………………37

2.10.1.2 Grammar…………………………………………………38

2.10.1.3 Multimodal Elements……………………………………40

2.10.1.3.1Multimodal Discourse Analysis……………………40

2.10.2. Macrolevel……….………………………………………………………41

Methodology

3.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………44

3.2. Restatement of Research Questions………………………………..44

3.3. Type of Research …………………….…………………………….45

3.4. Corpus ………………………………………………………………45

3.5. Procedure …………………………………………………………..45

3.5.1. Data Collection ………………..………………………………46

3.5.2. Instrument and Data Analysis……….……………………….47

3.5.2.1Microlevel………………………………………………………..47

3.5.2.1.1. Vocabulary…………………………………………47

3.5.2.1.2. Grammar……………………………………………47

 

3.5.2.1.3. Analyzing the Cover pages…………………………48

3.6.1.3.1. Method of Analyzing Cover pages………………48

3.5.2.2. Macrolevel………………………………………………48

3.5.2.2.1. Analyzing Translators’ Judgments…………………48

3.5.2.2.2. Translation Strategies………………………………49

3.5.3. Data Sheet……………………………………………………..49

Results and Discussions

4.1 Overview ………………………………………………….52

4.2 Microlevel Analysis…………………………………………………52

4.2.1 Vocabulary……………………………………………………..53

4.2.2. Grammar………………………………………………………54

4.2.2.1 Passive Transformation……………………………………57

4.2.3. Cover page Analysis ………………………………………….58

4.2.3.1 Analyzing the Cover Page of “Killing Hope, US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II”…………………………….59

4.2.3.2. Analyzing the Cover Page of  ”سرکوب امید، دخالت­های نظامی آمریکا و سازمان سیا از جنگ جهانی دوم به بعد” …………………………………62

4.2.3.3 Analyzing the cover page of “All the Shah’s Men, An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror”…………………64

4.2.3.3 Analyzing the cover page of ” همه­ی مردان شاه، کودتای آمریکایی 28 مرداد و ریشه­های ترور در خاور میانه”……………………………………..66

4.3. Macrolevel……………………………..……………………………68

4.3.1. Translator’s Judgments…………………………….………….68

4.3.2. Translation strategies………………………………..…………72

4.3.2.1 ”Killing Hope, US military and CIA interventions since World War II”…………………………………………………………………………72

4.3.2.1.1 Omission Strategy……………………………………74

4.3.2.1.2 Substitution/ Alteration strategies…………………..77

4.3.2.1.3 Explicitation…………………………………………84

4.3.2.1.4 Mistranslation Strategy………………………………86

4.3.2.1.5 Addition Strategy……………………………………87

4.3.2.1.6 Undertranslation Strategy……………………………89

4.3.2.2 “All the Shah’s Men, An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror”…………………………………………………..…90

4.3.2.2.1 Omission Strategy……………………………………91

4.3.2.2.2 Substitution/ Alteration Strategies……………….…97

4.3.2.2.3 Explicitation Strategy………………………………107

4.3.2.2.4 Addition Strategy………………………………..…109

4.3.2.2.5 Undertranslation Strategy………………………….113

Conclusion

5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….….116

5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………..……..117

5.3 Pedagogical Implications………………………………………..…118

5.4 Suggestion for Further Research…………………………………..119

یک مطلب دیگر :

Bibliograghy………………………………………………….………120

 

 

 

List of Tables and Images

Tables:

Table 3.1 sample of verb tables………………………………………….49

Table 3.2 sample of strategy tables……………………………………..50

Table 3.3 sample of each case’s table………………………………..….51

Table 4.1 verbs, types of verbs, and USA and its related words as agent in “Killing Hope, US military and CIA interventions since World War II” and ” “سرکوب امید، دخالت­های نظامی آمریکا و سازمان سیا از جنگ جهانی دوم به بعد………………………………………………………………………..56

Table 4.2 verbs, types of verbs, and USA and Britain and their related words as agents in “All the Shah’s Men, An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror” and “همه­ی مردان شاه، کودتای آمریکایی 28 مرداد و ریشه­های ترور در خاور میانه…………………………………………………61

Table 4.3  strategies applied in the translation of Killing Hope, ”سرکوب امید، دخالت­های نظامی آمریکا و سازمان سیا از جنگ جهانی دوم به بعد” ……………73

Table4.4 …………………………………………………………………74

Table 4.5…………………………………………………………………74

Table 4.6…………………………………………………………………75

Table 4.7…………………………………………………………………75

Table 4.8…………………………………………………………………75

Table 4.9…………………………………………………………………76

Table 4.10……………………………………………………………….77

Table 4.11……………………………………………………………….77

Table 4.12……………………………………………………………….78

Table 4.13……………………………………………………………….79

Table 4.14……………………………………………………………….79

Table 4.15……………………………………………………………….80

Table 4.16……………………………………………………………….80

Table 4.17……………………………………………………………….81

Table 4.18……………………………………………………………….81

Table 4.19……………………………………………………………….82

Table 4.20……………………………………………………………….82

Table 4.21……………………………………………………………….83

Table 4.22……………………………………………………………….84

Table 4.23……………………………………………………………….84

Table 4.24……………………………………………………………….85

Table 4.25……………………………………………………………….86

Table 4.26……………………………………………………………….86

Table 4.27……………………………………………………………….87

Table 4.28……………………………………………………………….88

Table 4.29……………………………………………………………….88

Table 4.30……………………………………………………………….89

Table 4.31……………………………………………………………….90

Table 4.32……………………………………………………………….91

Table 4.33……………………………………………………………….92

Table 4.34……………………………………………………………….92

Table 4.35……………………………………………………………….93

Table 4.36……………………………………………………………….96

Table 4.37……………………………………………………………….96

Table 4.38……………………………………………………………….97

Table 4.39……………………………………………………………….98

Table 4.40……………………………………………………………….99

Table 4.41……………………………………………………………….99

Table 4.42………………………………………………………………100

Table 4.43………………………………………………………………100

Table 4.44………………………………………………………………101

Table 4.45………………………………………………………………101

Table 4.46………………………………………………………………101

Table 4.47………………………………………………………………102

Table 4.48………………………………………………………………102

یک مطلب دیگر : مقاله با موضوع نظام های حقوقی – مجله علمی خبری رهاجو

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. General Background

1.2. The Argument

1.2.1. Research Questions

1.3. Literature Review

1.4. Thesis Outline

1.5. Methodology and Approach

1.6. Motivation and Delimitation

1.7. Definition of Key Terms

Chapter 2: The Postmodern Theory of Jean-François Lyotard

2.1. Jean-François Lyotard

2.2. The Postmodernist Movement

2.3. Early Marxist Activities

2.4. The Pragmatics of Knowledge

2.5. Modern Criteria of Legitimation

 

              2.6. Postmodern Criteria of Legitimation

2.7. The development of Capitalist System

2.8. The Semiotics and the Linguistic Based Culture

2.9. The Postmodern Self (Social Subject)

2.10. The Complementary Approaches of Baudrillard and Foucault

Chapter 3: Language Games

3.1. Studying Capitalism, Power, Language Game and Reality in “Thanasphere”

3.1.1 Synopsis

3.1.2 Commentary

3.2. Studying Capitalism, Reality, Language Game and Power in “Souvenir”

3.2.1 Synopsis

3.2.2 Commentary

3.3. Studying Language Game, Power, Capitalism and Alienation in “The Cruise

of the Jolly Roger”

3.3.1 Synopsis

3.3.2 Commentary

3.4. Studying Capitalism, Disciplinary Power, Language Game and Reality in

“2BR02B”

3.4.1 Synopsis

3.4.2 Commentary

یک مطلب دیگر :

Chapter 4: Grand Narratives

4.1. Studying Grand Narrative, Capitalism and Social Class in “The Package”

4.1.1 Synopsis

4.1.2 Commentary

4.2. Studying Grand Narrative, Capitalism and Performativity in “Poor Little Rich

Town”

4.2.1. Synopsis

4.2.2. Commentary

4.3. Studying Grand Narrative, Capitalism and Commodity in “Custom-Made

Bride”

4.3.1. Synopsis

4.3.2. Commentary

Chapter 5: Conclusion

5.1. Summary

5.2. Findings

5.3. Suggestions for Further Research

Works Cited

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter One

                                           Introduction

 

 

1.1. General Background

Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. (1922-2007) is renowned as a prominent American novelist and essayist. Vonnegut was one of the celebrated writers of post-World War ΙΙ in American literature. He defined himself as an atheist, agnostic and freethinker. The significant characteristic of his writing career is that for the most part in his works he combined satiric social observation and black comedy; also, he utilized surrealist and imaginary elements.

Several of his novels included science fiction themes. Actually, Vonnegut made use of the elements of science fiction and metafiction to direct the reader’s attention to the more serious issues associated with ethics and politics. His simple writing style is deceptive since it misleads the reader from perceiving the tense and unspeakable agony of the individual’s life in the twentieth century.

As a postmodern writer, in his writing Vonnegut employs some specific features; that is, the disorder in the narrative events and disruption of time or mixing past, present and future, blending of different genres, drawing the pictures, symbols or designs in the text, vicious circles and paranoia. In his works the limerick, humorous and jokes are entangled to narrate the serious facts that are really happened in Vonnegut’s lifetime.

The crucial event in Vonnegut’s life which had a profound influence on him and consequently on his writing career could be the firebombing of Dresden, Germany, by Allied armies in 1945, a horrifying happening he witnessed personally as a young captive of war. His understanding in Dresden laid the grounds for his greatest novel Slaughterhouse-Five published in 1969 as an obvious attack on the terrors of war in Vietnam, racial turmoil and cultural and social cataclysm.

  

 

IV

   

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………IIIACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………….…………………………….IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………V

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………….……………VIII

LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………….………………….IX

CHAPTER I: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE………………………………1

1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………2

1.2 Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………………………7

1.3 Statement of the Research Question…………………………………….…………………….9

1.4 Statement of the Research Hypothesis…………….………………………………………….10

1.5 Definition of Key Terms………………………………………….………………………….10

1.5.1 Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) ……….………………..…..……….………….10

1.5.2 Reading Comprehension…….…………………………………………………………..10

1.6 Significance of the Study……………………………………………..………………………11

1.7 Limitations and Delimitations …………..……………………………………………….…..12

1.7.1 Limitations……………………………………………………….………………………12

1.7.2 Delimitations……………………………………………………………………………..13

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE………………15

2.1Introduction…………………………………….………..….…..……………………………16

2.2 Reading…………………………………………………………….…………………………16

2.2.1 Models of Reading………………………………………………………………………..17

2.2.2 Components of Reading…………………………………………………………………..19

 

2.2.3 Foreign Language Reading……………………………………………………………….20

2.3 Reading Comprehension……………………………………………………………………..22

2.3.1 Definitions of Reading Comprehension…………………………………………………..24

2.3.2 Categories of Reading Comprehension………………………………..…………………25

2.3.3 Influential Factors in Reading Comprehension………………………….………………27

2.4 Reading Strategies……………………………………………………………………………28

V

2.4.1 Definitions of Reading Strategies………………………………………………………..30

2.4.2 Categories of Reading Strategies…………………………………………….…………..31

2.4.3 Reading Strategies and Reading Comprehension…………………………..……………32

2.4.4 Reading Strategies Studies in Iran………………………………………….……………35

2.5 Skilled Versus Unskilled Readers……………………………………………………………36

2.6 Collaborative Strategic Reading……………………………………………………………..42

2.6.1 Strategies Used in Collaborative Strategic Reading………………………..……………42

2.6.2 Collaborative Strategic Reading Training………………………………………………..47

2.6.3 Theoretical Background for CSR…………………………………………….…………..54

2.6.4 Studies Related to Collaborative Strategic Reading…………………………..…………62

CHAPTER III: METHOD…………………………….………………………..68

3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..………………69

3.2 Participants……………………………………………………………………………………69

3.3 Instrumentation………………………………………………………………………………70

3.3.1 Language Proficiency Test Used for Homogenization……………………………….….70

3.3.2 Rating Scales…………………………………………………………..………………….72

3.3.2.1 Writing Rating Scale of PET……………………………………………..………….72

3.3.2.2 Speaking Rating Scale of PET……………………………………………………….72

3.3.3 Pretest……………………………………………………………………………………..72

3.3.4 Post-test …………………………………………………………………………………..73

3.3.5 Material………………………………………………………………………………..….73

3.3.6 Cue Cards………………………………………………………………………………….74

3.3.7 CSR Learning Logs……………………………………………………………………….75

3.3.8 Clunk Cards ………………………………………………………………………………75

3.4 Procedure…………………………………………………………………………….………76

3. 5 Design of the Study………………………………………………………………………….89

3.6 Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………………………………89

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………….91

4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..92

4.2 Participant Selection…………………………………………………………………………92

یک مطلب دیگر :

VI

4.2.1 Descriptive Statistics of the PET Proficiency Test Piloting……………………………..93

4.2.2 Descriptive Statistics of the PET Proficiency Test Administration…………..…………97

4. 3 Dividing the Participants into the Two Groups…………………………………….……….98

4.3.1 Descriptive Statistics of Reading Comprehension Pretest Piloting…………..…………98

4.3.2 Descriptive Statistics of Reading Comprehension Post-test Piloting…………..……….99

4.4 Checking the Normality……………………………………………………………………100

4.5 Pretest of Reading Comprehension Administration……………………………………..…101

4.6 Research Question………………………………………………………………………….103

4.7 Criterion Referenced Validity………………………………………………………………106

4.7.1 K-R 21 Reliability Indices…………………………………………………….………..107

4.8 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………….107

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS..109

5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………110

5.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………………….………………111

5.3 Pedagogical Implications…………………………………………………..……………….111

5.3.1 Implications for EFL Teachers……………………………………………….…………112

5.3.2 Implications for EFL Learners……….………………………………………..…….…113

5.3.3 Implications for EFL Syllabus Designers and Curriculum Developers………….…….113

5.4 Suggestions for Further Research…………………………………………………………..114

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….116

APPENDICES………………………………………………………..…………130

Appendix A: Language Proficiency Test Used for Homogenization (PET)…………..……….

Appendix B: Writing Rating Scale of PET………………………………..……………………

Appendix C: Speaking Rating Scale of PET……………………………………………………

Appendix D: Pretest……………………………………………………………….……………

Appendix E: Post-test…………………………………………………………………………..

Appendix F: Cooperative Learning Group Roles………………………………………………

Appendix G: CSR Learning Log……………………………………………………………….

 

 

	VII

 

LIST OF TABLES

 

Table 3.1: Number of Participants in Experimental and Control Groups………..………………69

Table 3.2: Stage 1 of CSR’s Plan for Strategic Reading……………………………..…………..81

Table 3.3: Stage 2 of CSR’s Plan for Strategic Reading…………………………..……………..83

Table 3.4: Stage 3 of CSR’s Plan for Strategic Reading………………………………………….84

Table 3.5: Stage 4 of CSR’s Plan for Strategic Reading……………………………..…………..86

Table 4.1: Descriptive Statistics of the PET Piloting……………………………………………93

Table 4.2: Reliability of the PET Piloting before Deletion of Malfunctioning Items……………94

Table 4.3: Reliability of the PET Piloting after Deletion of 3 Items……………………….……94

Table 4.4: Inter-rater Reliability of the Two Raters in the Piloting of Writing Part 2….….…….95

Table 4.5: Inter-rater Reliability of the Two Raters in the Piloting of Writing Part 3………..….95

Table 4.6: Inter-rater Reliability of the Two Raters in the Piloting of Speaking…………….….96

Table 4.7: Descriptive Statistics of the PET Administration……………………………………97

Table 4.8: Reliability of the PET Administration……………………………………….………97

Table 4.9: Descriptive Statistics of Reading comprehension Pretest Piloting……………..……98

Table 4.10: Reliability of the Reading Comprehension Pretest Piloting…………………..……99

4.11: Descriptive Statistics of the Reading Comprehension Post-test Piloting…………………99

4.12: Reliability of the Reading Comprehension Post-test Piloting……………………………100

Table 4.13: Normality Assumptions……………………………………………………………101

Table 4.14: Descriptive Statistics of Pretest of Reading comprehension by Groups………..…102

Table 4.15: Independent t-test of Pretest of Reading comprehension by Groups…………..….102

Chapter 2: Review of the Literature

2.0. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11

2.1. Autonomy and Self-study Programs…………………………………………………………………….. 11

2.2. Language Training Software Packages…………………………………………………………………. 12

2.3. Assessing Attitude, Belief, Perception and Motivation in CALL………………………….. 13

2.4. Online vs. Traditional Way of Language Learning………………………………………………. 23

2.5. Barriers to the Integration of CALL……………………………………………………………………… 25

2.6. Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.0. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27

3.1. The Design of the Study………………………………………………………………………………………. 27

3.2. Participants………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28

3.3. Materials and Instruments……………………………………………………………………………………. 28

3.3.1. Placement Test………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28

3.3.2. Questionnaire……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29

3.3.3. Software Packages…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29

3.4. Procedure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31

3.5. Methods of Analyzing the Data……………………………………………………………………………. 32

3.6. Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33

Chapter 4: Results

 

4.0. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34

4.1. The Results of the Reliability Analyses of the OPT test and Attitude Questionnaire (Pilot Study)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35

4.2. The Results of OPT Test for the Sampling Purpose………………………………………………. 36

4.3. Descriptive Statistics for the Items of the Attitude Questionnaire……………………….. 38

4.4. Inferential Statistics for the Attitude Questionnaire…………………………………………….. 57

4.5. Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 60

Chapter 5: Discussion

5.0. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 61

5.1. General Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………… 61

5.2. Implications of the Study…………………………………………………………………………………….. 68

5.3. Limitations of the Study………………………………………………………………………………………. 68

5.4. Suggestions for further Research…………………………………………………………………………. 69

5.5. Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 69

 

References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 70

Appendices………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80

 

List of Tables

Table                                                                                                                              Pages                                                                                               

Table 4.1: Reliability Statistics for the OPT test…………………………………………………………. 35

Table 4.2: Suggested Standards (Adopted From Barker, Pistrang, and Elliott, 1994…… 36

Table 4.3: Statistics For the OPT Test…………………………………………………………………………. 37

Table 4.4: Item Statistics for the for the Attitude Questionnaire…………………………………. 38

Table 4.5: Item 1: Learning A Language Using Computer Software Was An Interesting Experience…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 41

Table 4.6: Item 2: Language learning May be Important to My Goals, But I Do not Expect It to be Much Fun…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 41

Table 4.7: Item 3: It Is Easier to Learn A Language at Home without Classroom Pressure  42

یک مطلب دیگر :

Table 4.8: Item 4: I Worry a Lot About Making Mistakes in Classroom……………………… 43

Table 4.9: Item 5:I Think Working at Home; Using Rosetta StoneTell me more Is More of a Computer Game than a Serious Instruction…………………………………………………………………………………. 43

Table 4.10: Item 6: I have found that classroom attendance is not the only way to learn a language…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 44

Table 4.11: Item 7: I would like to learn English, provided I allocate flexible time per week        45

Table 4.12: Item 8: I Will Recommend Rosetta Stone/TELL ME MORE to My Friends.      45

Table 4.13: Item: 9 I would like to learn English through videos, photos, and graphics not just studying textbooks……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 46

Table 4.14: Item 10: Learning with Computers Offers More Advantages over Traditional Methods of Language Education…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46

Table 4.15: Item 11: Computers Are Useful for Language Learning…………………………… 47

Table 4.16:Item 12: I Have No Difficulty in Operating the Basic Functions of Computers as far as Language-Learning Software Is Concerned………………………………………………………………… 47

Table 4.17: Item 13: Computers Have Proved to be Effective Learning Tools Worldwide 48

Table 4.18: Item 14: Students Prefer Learning from Teachers to Learning from Computers          49

Table 4.19: Item 15: I Think I Could Spend More Time Practicing Skills (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing) Using Rosetta StoneTell me more…………………………………………………………. 49

Table 4.20: Item 16: I Prefer to Learn English through Rosetta StoneTell me more Because I Can Adjust My Own Speed of Learning…………………………………………………………………………….. 50

Table 4.21: Item 17: I Would Rather Take A Formal Course Than A Self-Study Program  51

Table 4.22: Item 18: Rosetta Stone/Tell me more Is So User-Friendly. It Is Quite Convenient for Me as an Ordinary Computer User……………………………………………………………………………………. 51

Table 4.23: Item 19: I Enjoyed the Lessons of Rosetta StoneTell Me More……………….. 52

Table 4.24: Item 20: I Think Speech Recognition System in Rosetta StoneTELL ME MORE Can Help You Sound Like a Native Speaker………………………………………………………………………………. 53

Table 4.25: Item 21: It Gradually Becomes Boring Working with Rosetta StoneTell me more     53

Table 4.26: Item 22: It Is Important to Practice Prefabricated Conversation but There Is Not Such a Thing in Rosetta StoneTell me more………………………………………………………………………….. 54

Table 4.27: Item 23: The Speech Recognition System In Rosetta StoneTell me more Is Very Complicated. I Cannot Adjust My Tone to That of the Native Speaker’s……………………. 54

Table 4.28: Item 24: It Is a Good Idea to Use Rosetta StoneTell me more but not as the Main Source of Education……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55

Table 4.29: Item 25: Diverse and Colorful Photos Used in Rosetta StoneTell me more Have Enormous Appeal………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56

Table 4.30: Item 26: If I Cannot Pursue a Formal Course In English, Anyway I Prefer to Use Rosetta StoneTell me more…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56

Table 4.31: Item 27: I Cannot Imagine How Exciting It Was to Practice at Home Using Rosetta StoneTell me more…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57

Table 4.32: Ranks of group (A) and (B) for their Attitudes………………………………………… 58

Table 4.33: Mann Whitney U Test for EFL learners’ Attitudes towards the Packages…. 58

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

List of Figures