2.3. Multimedia device………………………………………………………………………………………. 15

2. 3. 1. Multimedia definition……………………………………………………………………………. 16

2.3.2. Multimedia and education…………………………………………………….. 17

2. 3. 2.1. Strength of multimedia English teaching……………………………………………… 17
3. 3. 2. 2.Effect of multimedia on learning…………………………………………………………. 18
4. 3. 4. Cognitive theory of multimedia learning……………………………………………….. 21

2.3. 4. 1. Extension of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning……………………. 26

2. 3. 5. Benefits of multimedia for reading comprehension………………………………… 27
3. 3. 6. A Cognitive theory of multimedia learning implication for design…………. 28
4. 3. 7. Advance organizers and meaningful learning…………………………………………. 30
5. 3. 8. Instructional visualizations…………………………………………………………………….. 32
6. 3. 9. Application of multimedia to language instruction…………………………………. 34
7. 3. 10. Advantages of learning by multimedia instruction……………………………….. 36
8. 3. 11. Multimedia aids for text comprehensions…………………………………………….. 36
9. 3. 12. Krashens affective filter hypotheses…………………………………………………….. 37
10. 3. 13. Concerns of multimedia English teaching…………………………………………….. 37
11. 3. 14. Implications of multimedia in language learning and teaching……………… 38
12. 3. 15 Computer assisted instruction for students……………………………………………. 39
13. 3. 16. Benefit of CALL for reading comprehension ……………………………………….. 46

• Vocabulary development software without multimedia components…………….. 47
• Benefits of multimedia for reading comprehension……………………………………….. 47

2. 3. 17. The role of prior knowledge in the process of multimedia learning………. 48
3. 3.18. How we can improve the teaching learning interaction…………………………. 49

• Dual code and multimedia effects………………………………………………………………….. 49
• Manageable cognitive load……………………………………………………………………………. 49
• Segmentation principle………………………………………………………………………………….. 50

2. 3. 19. Using computers in ESL classroom…………………………………………… 50

2.3.20. Theoretical research about computer-based reading………………………………. 51

 

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………… 55

3.2. Subjects………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55

3.3. Instrumentation…………………………………………………………………………………………… 57

3.3.1. Nelson test…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57

3.3.2. Reading comprehension test………………………………………………………………….. 57

3.4. Data collection……………………………………………………………………………………………. 58

3.5. Materials……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59

3.6. Procedure …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59

3.7. Sampling and population…………………………………………………………………………….. 62

 

3.8. Design…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62

3.9. Data analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 62

 

CHAPTER FOUR: Results & Discussions

4.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64

4.2. Restatement of the Research Question and Hypothesis………………………………………. 64

4.3. Analysis of Scores on Nelson test…………………………………………………………………….. 65

4.4. Homogeneity analysis…………………………………………………………………………………. 65

4. 5. Piloting: pretest and posttest ………………………………………………………………………….. 76

4.6. Pretest analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 78

4.7. Posttest analysis………………………………………………………………………………………….. 87

4.8. Analysis of the data related to the Research Hypotheses…………………………………….. 90

4.8. Findings of the data analysis……………………………………………………………………….. 94

4.9. Interpretation of data analysis …………………………………………………………………………. 95

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Conclusion& Pedagogical Implications

5.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96

5.2. Findings and conclusions……………………………………………………………………………. 97

5.3. Implications and applications……………………………………………………………………… 100

54. Suggestion for further study…………………………………………………………………………. 100

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 102

APPENDIXES…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 115

APPENDIX 1: NELSON Test……………………………………………………………………………… 116

APPENDIX 2: Reading comprehension test (pre-test and post-test)…………………… 129

APPENDIX 3: pretest and posttest and homogeneity raw scores………………………… 165

 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1. Reliability Statistics of Nelson Test…………………………………………………… 65

Table4. 2. Descriptive statistics on NELSON homogeneity test ………………………… 65

Table4.3. descriptive analysis of the homogeneity test………………………………………. 68

Table 4. 4. The frequency of scores of the homogeneity test……………………………… 68

Table 4. 5. Descriptive statistics of homogenous students…………………………………. 69

Table 4. 6. Descriptive Statistics of group 1 and group 2……………………………………. 72

Table 4. 7. Tests of Normality of group 1 and group 2……………………………………….. 75

Table 4.8. The Descriptive Statistics for Groups 1 and 2……………………………………………. 75

Table. 4. 9. Independent Samples Test…………………………………………………………………….. 76

Table 4.10. Reliability Statistics of pretest and posttest for 35 items…………………………… 77

Table4. 11. Reliability Statistics of pretest and posttest for 30 items…………………………… 77

Table 4.12. Descriptive statistics of pretest for experimental and control group……………. 78

Table4.13. test of Normality for pretest…………………………………………………………………… 81

Table4.14.Descriptive statistic of experimental and control group in pretest………………… 86

Table 4.15. Independent Samples t-Test in pretest……………………………………………………. 86

Table4.16. Descriptive statistics of experimental and control group in post-test……………. 87

Table4.17. Tests of Normality for experimental and control group in posttest………………. 90

Table 4.18. Descriptive statistic of control and experimental group in posttest……………… 90

Table4.19. Independent Samples Test in post-test ……………………………………………………. 91

یک مطلب دیگر :

Table4.20. paired samples statistics of post-test andpretest in experimental group………… 92

Table 4.21. T test of the Difference between Pre and Post Tests of experimental group…… 92

Table4.22. paired samples statistics of post-test, pre-test in control group………………………. 93

Table 4.23. Paired Samples Test for control group in pretest and posttest………………………. 93

 

 

List of Figures

Figure 4.1 mean scores of NELSON by group……………………………………………………… 67

Figure 4.2 frequency of scores of homogenous students……………………………………. 70

Figure 4.3 frequency of scores in group 1………………………………………………………….. 73

Figure 4.4. Indicates frequency of scores in group 2…………………………………………. 74

Figure4.5. histogram of experimental group in pretest……………………………………….. 79

Figure4.6histogram of scores for control group in pretest………………………………….. 80

Figure4.7histogram of scores for experimental group in posttest……………………….. 88

Figure 4.8 histogram of scores for control group in posttest………………………………. 89

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

Diagram 4.1. The normal Q-Q Plot of group for recognizing Normality ……………. 71

Diagram .4.2.the normal Q-Q plot of experimental group…………………………………… 82

Diagram 4.3. The normal Q-Q plot of control group…………………………………………… 84

 

 

Abstract:

 

This study investigates whether multimedia had any effects on reading comprehension improvement among Iranian EFL learners at pre-intermediate level. To this end, the researcher administered a proficiency test (NELSON) to 105 learners from Shokouh institute at pre intermediate level and then according to their scores limited them to 70. The subjects were randomly divided into two homogenous groups. In fact, each group included 35 homogenous students, then as a pretest a reading comprehension test that was made from “tell me more” software was given to the control group and experimental group to see whether they were equal or different. To meet this purpose, during their sessions they read with multimedia text provided with comprehension aids (text, picture, and sounds). The other group received no multimedia training and served as a control group. Both groups received the same materials, and had instruction for thirty –minute periods for ten sessions. To be sure of the effect of the treatment, the researcher tested both groups by using a post-test. The result of pre and post test showed the second groups performed significantly better on the test than the control group. Finally, a T –test was conducted to examine the differences of the mean test score of the two groups. The results of the pre and posttest which served as the statistical basis for the two groups and a t-test comparisons of group means showed a t-value greater than the t- critical. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and we came to this conclusion that multimedia had significant effects on learning reading comprehension among Iranian EFL learners at pre- intermediate level.

Key terms: multimedia, reading comprehension, EFL

Chapter 1

 

Introduction

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION