2.1. Overview ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..  8

2.2. History of Intertextuality…………………………………………………………………………………… 8

2.3. Types of Intertextuality…………………………………………………………………………………… 11

2.3.1.Horizontal or Vertical Reference…………………………………………………………………….. 11

2.3.2. Manifest or constitutive Reference    …………………………………………………………….    12

2.3.3. Active versus passive Intertextuality………………………………………………………………. 12

2.4. Scope of Intertextuality…………………………………………………………………………………… 12

2.5. Poetry……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12

2.6. Forms of Intertextuality…………………………………………………………………………………… 13

2. 7. Allusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
3. 7.1.Functions of Allusion…………………………………………………………………………………… 15

2.7.2. Forms of Allusion ………………………………………………………………………………………… 15

2.7.3. Types of Allusion …………………………………………………………………………………………. 16

2.7.3.1. Religious Allusion……………………………………………………………………………………… 16

2.7.3.2. Literary Allusion ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 17

2.7.3.3. Mythological Allusion……………………………………………………………………………….. 18

2.7.3.4. Historical Allusion…………………………………………………………………………………….. 18

2.7.3.5. Proper-Name Allusion……………………………………………………………………………….. 19

2.7.3.6. Key-Phrase Allusion ………………………………………………………………………………….. 20

2.7.4. Potential Strategies for translating Allusion …………………………………………………….. 20

2.7.5. Complication of translating Allusive Texts ……………………………………………………… 27

2.8. Poetry Translation…………………………………………………………………………………………… 28

2.8.1. Possibility of Poetry Translation …………………………………………………………………….. 28

 

2.8.2. Types of Poetry Translation…………………………………………………………………………… 31

2.8.3. Methods of translating poetry……………………………………………………………………….. 34

2.8.4. Linguistic Problems……………………………………………………………………………………… 35

2.8.5. Literary or aesthetic Problems……………………………………………………………………….. 35

2.8.6. Poetic Structure…………………………………………………………………………………………… 35

2.8.7. Socio-cultural problems ………………………………………………………………………………… 35

Chapter three: Methodology………………………………………………………………………………… 36

3.1. Overview……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 37

3.2. Restatement of the research questions  ………………………………………………………………. 37

3.3. Materials ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38

3.3.1. Mantiq ut-Tair……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38

3.3.2. Nott’s Translation………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38

3.3.3. Darbandi’s and Davis’ Translation ………………………………………………………………….. 39

3.4. Procedures …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39

Chapter Four: Data Analysis and Results …………………………………………………………….. 40

4.1. Overview ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41

4.2. Analysis of the Data……………………………………………………………………………………….. 41

4.2.1. Key-phrase Allusions in Attar’s Mantiq ut-Tair………………………………………………….. 41

4.3. Results ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 69

Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusions ……………………………………………………………. 74

5.1. Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 75

5.2. Strategies Used for Key-phrases Allusion  …………………………………………………………. 76

5.3. Concluding Remarks ………………………………………………………………………………………. 76

5.4. Limitations of the Study ………………………………………………………………………………….. 77

5.5. Implications of the Study ………………………………………………………………………………… 77

5.6. Suggestions for Further Research……………………………………………………………………… 77

References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78

Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.  H. Vahid Dastjerdi for his guidance, advice and constructive comments on the topic in question and providing advice and guidance throughout the research period.

یک مطلب دیگر :

My special thanks also go to Dr. M. R. Talebinejad for his advice, help and encouragement. And also I am grateful to my brother, Saadi, M.A. English teaching from University of Tehran.

Finally and most importantly, I thank my God for granting me health and fitness and inspiring me hope and encouragement to accomplish this work.

 

 

 

List of Tables

Table 1   ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 68

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

List of Figures

Figure 2.1……………………………………………………………………………………………… 22

Figure 2.2……………………………………………………………………………………………… 23

Figure 4.3……………………………………………………………………………………………… 69

 

 

 

 

Abstract

The present study focused on two English translations of KP allusions in Attar’s
Mantiq ut-Tair. Attar’s Mantiq ut-Tair which has been translated by Nott (1954), Darbandi and Davis (1984) was used in the study. It also considered the strategies by Leppihalme (1997, p. 96) which two translators utilized when doing the job in order to transfer the meaning of the ST into TT. The present study compared two English translations of Mantiq ut-Tair with each other to find out what translation strategies have the translators used to convey the intertextual allusive items to the TT and to what extent the true sense of KP allusion in Mantiq ut Tair has been transferred to English. The results showed that when dealing with KP allusions present in the ST which are absent from the TL, translators often resort to different strategies ranging from standard translation, minimum change, omission, replacement, reduction, recreation to the simulated familiarity strategies. The most frequently used strategies by the translators were standard translation, minimum change and omission. These strategies contribute to semantic, cultural, contextual, and literal translation of allusions. The researcher also found that the translations were subject to almost all different strategies except use of footnotes strategy. This thesis also made a comparison between the first translation and the second one to find out which one is more standard than the other with respect to the translation of intertextual references. The second translation of Mantiq ut- Tair by Darbandi and Davis to some extent was more literal than the first translation by Nott. Therefore, other factors such as familiarity with Islamic culture, verses, traditions and the translators’ ideas for which the translations are carried out are needed to explain the translator’s choice of different strategies. The findings of the study suggested that due to the fact that KP allusions and intertextuality are more complicated issues, only Nott could successfully transfer the intended meaning of the original poetry text in Mantiq ut-Tair to TL reader.

 

 

 

 

List of Abbreviations

KP=Key-phrase

PN=Proper noun

SL= Source language

ST=Source text

TL=Target Language

TT=Target text

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION