چکیده:

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reengineering (BPR). BPR can enable us to further understand the adoption of health information systems in
actual clinical settings [14]. Another suggested method in literature is Lean, which for optimizing clinical
workflow [15]. Lean method is used to focus more in details of the process as BPR has a holistic view about
the workflow. When BPR implemented in clinical process, the role of Lean method is to remove waste and

increase efficiency of clinical workflow in the re-engineered process more specifically in details for each subprocess.
However, if an organization aim to identify defects (perhaps through statistical analysis), then Six

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Sigma method is preferable choice [16].
تعداد صفحه : 9

Accepted 31 December 2011
Available online 2 February 2012
Keywords:
Data acquisition
Databases
Data warehouse
Data mining
Data miner
Intelligent miner

a b s t r a c t
In today’s information society, we witness an explosive growth of the amount of information becoming
available in electronic form and stored in large databases. Data mining can help in discovering knowledge.
Data mining can dig out valuable information from databases in approaching knowledge discovery
and improving business intelligence. In this paper, we have discussed the involvement and effect of data
mining techniques on relational database systems, and how its services are accessible in databases, which
tool we require to use it, with its major pros and cons in various databases. Through all this discussion we
have presented how database technology can be integrated to data mining techniques.
 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In recent years data mining has become a very popular technique

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for extracting information from the database in different
areas due to its flexibility of working on any kind of databases
and also due to the surprising results [1].
Data mining is the search for valuable information in large
volumes of data [1]. With the increase of availability of databases
containing structures, mining techniques especially designed for
this type of data are becoming more and more important [2]. To
improve both software productivity and quality, software engineers
are increasingly applying data mining algorithms to various
Software Engineering tasks [3].
The progress in data acquisition and successful development of
storage technology at cheaper rates, along with limited human
capabilities in analyzing and understanding big databases have
tempted scientists and researchers to move forward towards the

can provide business intelligence to generate new opportunities
(Bortiz & Kennedy, 1995; Fletcher & Goss, 1993; Langley &
Simon, 1995; Lau, Wong, Hui, & Pun, 2003; Salchenberger, Cinar,
& Lash, 1992; Su, Hsu, & Tsai, 2002; Tam & Kiang, 1992; Zhang,

Hu, Patuwo, & Indro, 1999).
تعداد صفحه : 10

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mechanical behaviour of thick multilayered cylinders. The original contribution of this
work is to provide novel approximate analytical solutions to compute the timedependent
internal stress state throughout the pipe thickness within the framework of
nonlinear viscoelasticity theory. The structures considered are thick, multilayered

anisotropic infinitive long cylinders subjected to axisymmetric mechanical loading.
Under such conditions there is an exact elastic solution which naturally satisfies
equilibrium, strain-displacement, compatibility and boundary conditions for the stated
constitutive equations and loading. Due to the continuous stress variations throughout
the cylinder thickness, the proposed nonlinear viscoelastic solution assumes the
averaged stress state to calculate the nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic factors in each
3
layer. Furthermore the solution is obtained assuming that the creep strains, within each
layer, are constant through the thickness. The proposed algorithm converges to the exact
solution when the number of layers is artificially increased. For the linear viscoelastic
case the proposed solution proved to match the exact known solution for isotropic

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viscoelastic materials. Finally several invented cases are run to illustrate the importance
of the viscoelasticity phenomenon on the internal stress field throughout thick laminated
cylinders.
KEYWORDS: Polymer–matrix composites (PMCs); Creep; Elasticity; Analytical
modelling; Durability.
INTRODUCTION
The hollow cylinders or cylinders are very common structural elements, used in many
applications including trusses, hoses, piping systems and drive shafts. The effort to
improve oil production riser performance lead to the possible use of risers made of
polymer matrix composites to bring the oil to surface platforms in the offshore
exploration at waster depth of 2 km or more. Consequently the increasing use of
polymer matrix composites in civil engineering applications has renewed interest in
problems of stress analysis of cylindrical laminated composite structures.
Many analytical works about stress analysis of composite cylindrical shells have been